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This is just another addition about plastic surgery’s history.

Our desire to be attain physical perfection or beauty is inherently innate, and this is reflected when the history of plastic surgery is reviewed. Procedures that can be considered similar to today’s “plastic surgery” have been around longer than you probably would have imagined.

Many historians agree that the first documented account of reconstructive plastic surgery was found in ancient Indian Sanskrit texts. The Hindu author Sushruta wrote about the reconstruction of earlobes and noses using skin from other parts of the face like the cheek and forehead. These procedures were quite necessary in Sushruta’s time, which is believed to be somewhere around 500 B.C., because mutilation was used as a form of punishment, and humiliation was quite common.

In the forth century, the Byzantine physician, Oribasius, wrote at length about different reconstructive plastic surgery procedures in his medical encyclopedia called Synagogue Medicae. In his writing Oribasius demonstrated his insight into important techniques such as using flaps to avoid the distortion of facial features and the process of creating tensionless suture lines. Oribasius’s work was highly influential to today’s medical and cosmetic surgical techniques. His contributions are noted particularly in the fields of wound management and facial reconstruction.

After Oribasius’s time the practice of plastic surgery waned. However a resurgence of reconstructive plastic surgery was documented, first during the 14th, and then the 18th century. Plastic surgery was especially gaining popularity during the 18th century, as Europeans were becoming particularly interested in reconstructive nose plastic surgery to improve the nose’s appearance that had been impacted by disease or combat. The advent of effective surgical anesthetics in the late 1800s had allowed plastic surgery to gain more popularity as procedures became less painful and complicated.

Although the aforementioned provides evidence that suggests that plastic surgery has been around for thousands of years, it was not until World War I that these reconstructive procedures became slightly mainstream because of necessity. Plastic surgery as a medical specialty was born out of the horrors of World War I and the tremendous toll taken on mankind. Besides the thousands of soldiers who were killed, millions more were crippled or hideously deformed, requiring ingenious and specialized surgical treatment.

During the war, collaborations were formed between surgeons of various nationalities and disciplines to help all these affected soldiers and civilians. American, British, French, German, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian surgeons became rhinologists, oral surgeons, general surgeons, dental surgeons, ophthalmologists, and neurosurgeons are now deemed the fathers of modern plastic surgery rose, as the specialized procedures rose to prominence. Founding fathers included Sir Harold Gillies (otolaryngologist) from New Zealand, and the Americans Vilray Blair (orthopedic surgeon), Robert Ivy (general surgeon), Lee Cohen (otolaryngologist), and Varaztad Kazanjian (dentist).

By the end of the war, 11,572 major facial operations had taken place at Queen’s Hospital, Kent, Engalnd. Plastic surgery started to grow after the WWI, and it was reasoned that “if soldiers whose faces had been torn away by bursting shells on the battlefield could come back into an almost normal life with new faces created by the wizardry of the new science of plastic surgery, why couldn’t women whose faces had been ravaged by nothing more explosive than the hand of the years find again the firm clear contours of youth”.

In 1921, the American Association of Plastic Surgeons (AAPS) was formed, and in 1931, American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons (ASPRS) was founded. This allowed the plastic surgery for aesthetic means to become recognized as a professional specialty, despite tension amongst physicians who argued its lack of credibility and ‘true’ application. The plastic surgeons justified their positions by advocating the indirect benefits of aesthetic improvement - Dr. John Staige Davis argued in 1926, “..if a new nose enabled a war veteran to hold a job and marry, could it not also improve the employment opportunities of a civilian man or sweeten the marital and therefore financial prospects of a woman?…. Wasn’t it undemocratic to deny an individual the right to self-improvement?”.

As time went on and aesthetic plastic surgery procedures continued, plastic surgery became fully integrated into the medical community. During the 1960s, the concept of plastic surgery grew in the consciousness of the American public as more physicians performed plastic surgery procedures. Silicone was beginning to become applied in plastic surgery and started becoming a part of our culture. By the 1970s, plastic surgeons became one of the leading medical professions.

During the 1980s, plastic surgery was rapidly expanding all over the country and continues to this day. Thousands of (ASPSR) board-certified plastic surgeons are available today in every part of the country. The field of plastic surgery now has many specializations offering a variety of plastic surgery procedures to interested patients. Plastic surgery continues to evolve and improve, and this continued evolution has allowed millions of people to benefit from the procedures both externally and internally. And nowadays, plastic surgery in San Diego, CA or any other place around the globe can do the plastic surgery procedures safety and easily, it also becoming a trend for modern people.

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This is another addition of our plastic surgery series.

Improving Form And Function Of The Nose
Each year thousands of people undergo surgery of the nose. Nasal surgery may be performed for cosmetic purposes, or a combination procedure to improve both form and function. It also may alleviate or cure nasal breathing problems, correct deformities from birth or injury, or support an aging, drooping nose.

Patients who are considering nasal surgery for any reason should seek a doctor who is a specialist in nasal airway function, as well as plastic surgery. This will ensure that efficient breathing is as high a priority as appearance.

Can Cosmetic Nasal Surgery Create A “Perfect” Nose?
Aesthetic nasal surgery (rhinoplasty) refines the shape of the nose, bringing it into balance with the other features of the face. Because the nose is the most prominent facial feature, even a slight alteration can greatly improve appearance. (Some patients elect chin augmentation in conjunction with rhinoplasty to better balance their features.) Rhinoplasty alone cannot give you a perfect profile, make you look like someone else, or improve your personal life. Before surgery, it is very important that the patient have a clear, realistic understanding of what change is possible as well as the limitations and risks of the procedure.

Skin type, ethnic background, and age will be among the factors considered preoperatively by the surgeon. Except in cases of severe breathing impairment, young patients usually are not candidates until their noses are fully grown, at 15 or 16 years of age. The surgeon will also discuss risk factors, which are generally minor, as well as where the surgery will be performed-in a hospital, freestanding outpatient surgical center, or a certified office operating room.

To reshape the nose, the skin is lifted, allowing the surgeon to remove or rearrange the bone and cartilage. The skin is then redraped and sutured over the new frame. A nasal splint on the outside of the nose helps retain the new shape during healing. If soft, absorbent material is placed inside the nose to stabilize the septum, it will normally be removed the morning after surgery. External nasal dressings and splints are usually removed five to seven days after surgery. Or you can consult the doctors of Beverly Hills nose surgery, a professinal nose surgery center located in CA, for more infomation.

When Should Surgery Be Considered to Correct a Chronically Stuffy Nose?
Millions of Americans perennially suffer the discomfort of nasal stuffiness. This may be indicative of chronic breathing problems that don’t respond well to ordinary treatment. The blockage may be related to structural abnormalities inside the nose or to swelling caused by allergies or viruses.

There are numerous causes of nasal obstruction. A deviated septum (the partition between the nostrils) can be crooked or bent as the result of abnormal growth or injury. This can partially or completely close one or both nasal passages. The deviated septum can be corrected with a surgical procedure called septoplasty. Cosmetic changes to the nose are often performed at the same time, in a combination procedure called septorhinoplasty.

Overgrowth of the turbinates is yet another cause of stuffiness. (The turbinates are the tissues that line the inside of the nasal passages.) Sometimes the turbinates need treatment to make them smaller and expand the nasal passages. Treatments include injection, freezing, and partial removal. Allergies, too, can cause internal nasal swelling, and allergy evaluation and therapy may be necessary.

Can Surgery Correct a Stuffy, Aging Nose?
Aging is a common cause of nasal obstruction. This occurs when cartilage in the nose and its tip are weakened by age and droop because of gravity, causing the sides of the nose to collapse inward, obstructing air flow. Mouth breathing or noisy and restricted breathing are common.

Try lifting the tip of your nose to see if you breathe better. If so, the external adhesive nasal strips that athletes have popularized may help. Or talk to a facial plastic surgeon/otolaryngolgist about septoplasty, which will involve trimming, reshaping or repositioning portions of septal cartilage and bone. (This is an ideal time to make other cosmetic improvements as well.) Internal splints or soft packing may be placed in the nostrils to hold the septum in its new position. Usually, patients experience some swelling for a week or two. However, after the packing is removed, most people enjoy a dramatic improvement in breathing.

What Treatment Is Needed for a Broken Nose?
Bruises around the eyes and/or a slightly crooked nose following injury usually indicate a fractured nose. If the bones are pushed over or out to one side, immediate medical attention is ideal. But once soft tissue swelling distorts the nose, waiting 48-72 hours for a doctor’s appointment may actually help the doctor in evaluating your injury as the swelling recedes. (Apply ice while waiting to see the doctor.) What’s most important is whether the nasal bones have been displaced, rather than just fractured or broken.

For markedly displaced bones, surgeons often attempt to return the nasal bones to a straighter position under local or general anesthesia. This is usually done within seven to ten days after injury, so that the bones don’t heal in a displaced position. Because so many fractures are irregular and won’t “pop” back into place, the procedure is successful only half the time. Displacement due to injury often results in compromised breathing so corrective nasal surgery, typically septorhinoplasty, may then be elected. This procedure is typically done on an outpatient basis, and patients usually plan to avoid appearing in public for about a week due to swelling and bruising.

Will Insurance Cover Nasal Surgery?
Insurance usually does not cover cosmetic surgery. However, surgery to correct or improve breathing function, major deformity, or injury is frequently covered in whole or in part. Patients should obtain cost information from their surgeons and discuss with their insurance carrier prior to surgery.

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I don’t have the experiences drinking in bars or nightclubs, but i do have the resource of bars or nightclubs in Gaslamp clubs, which listed hundreds of bars and night clubs in San Diego, and enjoying my nightlife, i can imagine what a bar looks like: It’s a house alone with a long table surrounding with people chattings and drinking with big beer cups, also the soft music. All of these imaginations come from the American movies, but what about the nightclubs? People are more likely having fun there, not only drinking but also entertaining: watching naked women strip dancing. Whatever, but definitely a good place for me to entertain myself, maybe some days later, i’ll have chances to go there, then i’ll share my experiences with you all.

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